Animal Welfare

Please visit

and the external links:

  • Association of British Travel Agents (2014), ABTA Animal Welfare Guidelines, ABTA, London.
  • Animodial – a leading global organisation on animal welfare in tourism https://animondial.com
  • Ashley, P. (2007). Fish welfare: current issues in aquaculture. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 104: 199-235
  • Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria (ARAZPA) Code of Practice, Australasian Regional Association of Zoological Parks and Aquaria (ARAZPA): 1-12
  • Bach, L., & Burton, M. (2017). Proximity and animal welfare in the context of tourist interactions with habituated dolphins. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM, 25(2), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1195835
  • Baird, B. A., Kuhar, C. W., Lukas, K. E., Amendolagine, L. A., Fuller, G. A., Nemet, J., … & Schook, M. W. (2016). Program animal welfare: Using behavioral and physiological measures to assess the well-being of animals used for education programs in zoos. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 176, 150-162.
  • Beausoleil, N. J. (2014). Balancing the need for conservation and the welfare of individual animals. In M. Appleby, P. Sandoe, & D. M. Weary (Eds.), Dilemmas in Animal Welfare (pp. 124–47). CABI Publishing UK.
  • Bergeron, R., Badnell-Waters, A., Lambton, S., Mason, G. (2008). Stereotypic oral behaviour in captive ungulates: foraging, diet and gastrointestinal function. In: Mason, G., Rushen, J., (Ed.), Stereotypic animal behaviour: fundamentals and applications to welfare. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp. 19-57.
  • Boissy, A., Manteuffel, G., Jensen, M., Moe, R., Spruijt, B., Keeling, L., Winckler, C., Forkman, B., Dimitrov, I., Langbein, J., Bakken, M., Veissier, I., Aubert, A. (2007). Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare. Physiology & behavior, 92(3), 375-39
  • Brando, S. And Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2017). The 24/7 approach to promoting optimal welfare for captive wild animals. Behavioural Processes 156. DOI:10.1016/j.beproc.2017.09.010
  • Broom, D. (1991). Animal welfare: concepts and measurement. J. Anim. Sci. 69, 4167-4175
  • Burghardt, G. (2013). Environmental enrichment and cognitive complexity in reptiles and amphibians: concepts, review, and implications for captive populations. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 147, 286-298
  • Butterworth, A., Mench, J., Wielebnowski, N., 2011. Practical strategies to assess (and improve) welfare. In: Appleby, M., Mench, J., Olsson, I., Hughes, B., (Ed.), Animal Welfare. CABI, Wallingford, UK., pp. 200-214
  • Cameron, E., Ryan, S. (2016). Welfare at multiple scales: Importance of zoo elephant population welfare in a world of declining wild populations. PLOS ONE 11, e0158701
  • Carder, G., Plese, T., Machado, F. C., & Paterson, S. (2018). The impact of ‘selfie’ tourism on the behaviour and welfare of brown-throated three-toed sloths. Animals, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8110216
  • Carr, N. and Broom, D. (eds) (2018). Tourism and Animal Welfare. CABI, Wallingford, UK
  • Clark, F. E. (2011). Great ape cognition and captive care: Can cognitive challenges enhance well-being? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 135: 1–12
  • Clubb, R., & Mason, G. (2003). Animal welfare: captivity effects on wide-ranging carnivores. Nature, 425(6957), 473
  • Clubb, R., Mason, G. (2007). Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: How analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 102, 303-328
  • Clubb, R., Mason, G., 2002. A review of the welfare of zoo elephants in Europe. RSPCA, Horsham, UK.
  • Dawkins, M. S. (2004) Using behaviour to assess animal welfare. Animal Welfare 13: S3-7
  • Duffy, R., & Moore, L. (2011). Global regulations and local practices: The politics and governance of animal welfare in elephant tourism. JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM, 19(4–5), 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.566927
  • Evans, J., Smith, E., Bennett, A., Cuthill, I., Buchanan, K. (2012). Short-term physiological and behavioural effects of high- versus low-frequency fluorescent light on captive birds. Anim. Behav. 83, 25-33
  • Fernandez, E., J.; Tamborski, M., A.; Pickens, S., R. and Timberlake, W. (2009). “Animal– visitor interactions in the modern zoo: Conflicts and interventions.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 120, 1–8
  • Fraser, D. (2009). “Assessing animal welfare: different philosophies, different scientific approaches.” Zoo Biology 28 (6), 507-518
  • Fulton, G. R. and H. A. Ford (2001). “The conflict between animal welfare and conservation.” Pacific Conservation Biology 7(3): 152-153
  • Grandin T. (2018) My Reflections on Understanding Animal Emotions for Improving the Life of Animals in Zoos, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 21:sup1, 12-22, DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1513843
  • Greenburg, N. (1995). Ethologically informed design in husbandry and research. In: Warwick, C., Frye, F., Murphy, J., (Ed.), The care and welfare of captive reptiles. Chapman Hall, London, UK, pp. 239-262
  • Hosey, G., Melfi, V., Pankhurst, S. (2009). Zoo animals: behaviour, management and welfare. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
  • Hughes, B., Duncan, I. (1988). The notion of ethological ‘need’, models of motivation and animal welfare. Anim. Behav. 36, 1696-1707
  • Laatu, S. (2013). “The development of animal welfare in Finland and how people perceive animal welfare: Case study: Animals in tourism: Zoos.” Vaasa University of Applied Sciences
  • Latham, N., Mason, G. (2010). Frustration and perseveration in stereotypic captive animals: Is a taste of enrichment worse than none at all? Behav. Brain Res. 211, 96-104
  • Maple, T. (2007). Toward a science of welfare for animals in the zoo. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 10, 63-70.
  • Maple, T. (2014). Elevating the priority of zoo animal welfare: the chief executive as an agent of reform. Zoo Biol. 33, 1-7.
  • Maple, T. (2015). Four decades of psychological research on zoo animal welfare. WAZA Magazine 16, 41-44
  • Mason, G. (2010). Species differences in responses to captivity: stress, welfare and the comparative method. Trends Ecol. Evolut. 25, 713-721
  • Meehan, C.L., Mench, J.A. (2007). The challenge of challenge: Can problem solving opportunities enhance animal welfare? Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 102, 246-261
  • Melfi, V., A. (2009). “There are big gaps in our knowledge, and thus approach, to zoo animal welfare: a case for evidence-based zoo animal management.” Zoo Biology 28 (6), 574-588.
  • Mellen, J.D., Sevenich MacPhee, M. (2001). Philosophy of environmental enrichment: past, present, and future. Zoo Biol. 20, 211-226.
  • Mellor, D. J. (2016) Updating Animal Welfare Thinking: Moving beyond the “Five Freedoms” towards “A Life Worth Living.” Animals 2016, 6, 21; doi:10.3390/ani6030021
  • Mellor, D.J. and Beausoleil, N.J. (2015) Extending the ‘Five Domains’ model for animal welfare assessment to incorporate positive welfare states. Animal Welfare, 24, 241–253
  • Michaels, C., Downie, J., Campbell-Palmer, R. (2014). The importance of enrichment for advancing amphibian welfare and conservation goals: a review of a neglected topic. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8, 7-23
  • Moorhouse, T. P., Dahlsjö, C. A. L., Baker, S. E., & D’Cruze, N. C. (2015). The Customer Isn’t Always Right-Conservation and Animal Welfare Implications of the Increasing Demand for Wildlife Tourism. PloS One, 10(10), e0138939
  • Morgan, K. N. and Tromborg C.. T. (2007) Sources of stress in captivity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102 262–302
  • Norton, B. G., Hutchins, M., Stevens, E. F. and M., & T. (1995). Ethics on the ark: Zoos, animals welfare and wildlife conservation. Washington: Smithsonian Institute Press
  • Pereboom, Z., Stevens, J., 2015. Applied animal welfare research in zoos: the more the better. WAZA Magazine 16, 22-25
  • Rose, P., Croft, D., Lee, R. (2014). A review of captive flamingo (Phoenicopteridae) welfare: a synthesis of current knowledge and future directions. Int. Zoo Yearb. 48, 139-155
  • Senigaglia, V., New, L., & Hughes, M. (2020). Close encounters of the dolphin kind: Contrasting tourist support for feeding based interactions with concern for dolphin welfare. Tourism Management, 77, 104007
  • Veasey, J. S. (2017). In pursuit of peak animal welfare; the need to prioritize the meaningful over the measurable Zoo biology 36 (6), 413-425
  • Warwick, C., Arena, P., Lindley, S., Jessop, M., Steedman, C. (2013). Assessing reptile welfare using behavioural criteria. In Practice 35, 123-131
  • Watters, J. (2014). Searching for behavioral indicators of welfare in zoos: uncovering anticipatory behavior. Zoo Biol. 33, 251-256
  • Webster, J. (1994) Assessment of animal welfare: The five freedoms. In Animal Welfare: A Cool Eye Towards Eden. Blackwell Science: Oxford, UK,; pp. 10–14.
  • Whitham, J. C. and Wielebnowski, N. (2013) New directions for zoo animal welfare science. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 147 (2013) 247–260
  • Williams, I., Hoppitt, W., Grant, R. (2017). The effect of auditory enrichment, rearing method and social environment on the behavior of zoo-housed psittacines (Aves: Psittaciformes); implications for welfare. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 186, 85-92
  • Wirth, H. J. (2001). “Animal Welfare in Australia.”
  • Wolfensohn, S., Shotton, J., Bowley, H., Davies, S., Thompson, S. and Justice, W.S.N. (2018) Assessment of Welfare in Zoo Animals: Towards Optimum Quality of Life. Animals, 8, 110; doi:10.3390/ani8070110
  • Young, R. (2003). Environmental enrichment for captive animals: UFAW animal welfare series. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK
  • Right Tourism – Facebook page guiding tourists to ethical operations and helping to avoid others
  • Welfare standards for captive wildlife, Queensland
  • International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW)